Cement kiln refractories

Refractories play a critical, if unseen, role in both the rotary kiln lining, and the lining of the high volume static equipment areas that comprise a modern pre-calciner kiln system.
The durability of the rotary kiln brick lining generally determines the duration of a kiln operating campaign. Whilst great efforts are made to ensure appropriate refractory brick materials selection, installation, deployment (zoning) and the optimisation of the kiln light-up, it is primarily the nature and stability of the subsequent kiln operation that influences rotary kiln lining life.

A large number of kilns now use alternative fuels. Many of them substitute these alternative fuels through the main kiln burner as well as in the pre-heater / pre-calciner; the chemical and heat-release changes caused by inevitable short-term fluctuations in the fuel(s) mix has a major influence on the thermal, coating and atmosphere conditions existing through the rotary kiln into the pre-calciner. UWA
Expert systems are available that help limit the influence of fuel mix fluctuations on the flame shape, but not many cement kilns are equipped with such systems. Consequently, the main influence of the use of alternative fuels is often on clinker chemistry due to the different ash compositions of individual alternative fuels.

Such fuel variations may produce any or all of the following:

• Alternative fuel fall through ( from the pre-heater/ pre-calciner )
• Adverse minor phase re-circulation effects (gasriser )
• Excessive build-up or clogging ( kiln inlet or gas riser )
• Excessive coating in the rotary kiln (ring formation )
• Reducing conditions or damaging atmosphere effects( rotary kiln )
• Thermal wash-outs ( rotary kiln )
• Fluctuations in flame length ( rotary kiln )
• Destabilisation and stripping of clinker coating (rotary kiln )
• Much can be learned from the clinker chemistry and microscopy about the environment existing within the kiln system. The clinker mineralogy, microstructure, minor phases, macrostructure and variability can each help to define more precisely the atmosphere and process conditions existing in the rotary kiln and clinker cooler. If any of the clinker parameters are found to be outside a safe range, or potentially indicative of conditions damaging to the coating or to the kiln refractory, kiln operators can use this information to attempt to achieve safer and more stable kiln conditions, thus reducing thermal and chemical stresses on the kiln lining.

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